Heating Load Calculation to DIN EN 12831 – Simply Explained

by Martin Schlobach | Last updated: Feb 4, 2026 | 0 comments

Heating Load Calculation to DIN EN 12831 (Design Heat Load)

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In today’s article, I’ll introduce you to heating load calculation (design heat load) in accordance with DIN EN 12831. I’ll show you what the heating load is, how it is calculated and why the heating load is so important for the dimensioning of a heat pump. I’ve also summarised the most important questions and answers about the heating load for you.

First of all: The heat load plays an important role in heating technology, as it is the basis for dimensioning a heating system. This includes heat generators (such as heat pumps and boilers) and heat emitters (such as radiators and surface heating systems, e.g. underfloor heating). In DIN EN 12831, this is referred to as the design heat load, and it is essential for the following tasks:

Dimensioning of the heat generator (boiler or heat pump).
Dimensioning of the radiators or underfloor heating per room/zone
Calculation of the valve settings for hydronic balancing.

But let’s take it step by step. First, let’s look at what the design heat load actually is.

Table of Contents

1 What is the heating load (design heat load)?
2 Calculation of the heating load according to DIN EN 12831
3 Heating load and heat pump – a brief classification
4 FAQ on heating load
5 Conclusion

What is the heating load (design heat load)?

The heating load (design heat load) of a building is the required heat flow rate that must be supplied to maintain the target indoor temperature at the specified design outdoor temperature.

This means that on a very cold winter’s day, our building initially has a heat loss due to a temperature difference between the target indoor temperature (e.g. 20 °C) and a standardised design outdoor temperature (e.g. -14 °C) via the building envelope.

There are many factors (see Figure 1) that cause heat to be lost from a building. These include heat losses via the building envelope such as the roof, external walls, ground, windows, doors, but also flue gas losses, leaks in the building envelope, heat losses via ventilation systems or via domestic hot water (DHW). Figure 1 shows an example of this.

Figure 1: Heat losses in a building via the envelope and air leakage – Source: Martin Schlobach, from “Haustechnik für Dummies”, Wiley-VCH 2023. Used with permission.

To compensate for these losses and maintain a comfortable indoor climate, heat must be supplied to the building by means of heat generators (such as heat pumps or boilers). The calculated heat flow rate (the heating load) is the necessary heating capacity that a heat generator must then provide to the building (see Figure 2). It is therefore important to establish a balance between energy supply and heat loss, as can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Balancing heat losses with a heating system – Source: Martin Schlobach, from “Haustechnik für Dummies”, Wiley-VCH 2023. Used with permission.

Calculation of the heating load according to DIN EN 12831

In Germany, the heating load is calculated in accordance with DIN EN 12831-1:2017-09 in conjunction with the national supplement DIN/TS 12831-1:2020-04. It is the most important basis for determining the heating capacity of a heating system and a basic requirement for many subsidy measures such as hydronic balancing or when installing a new heat pump.

In the national supplement (DIN/TS 12831-1:2020-04), the design outdoor temperatures (standard outdoor temperature) for Germany are stored with postcode accuracy and are based on the coldest two-day average outdoor temperature, which statistically occurs approximately every two years. You will find two examples in the following table.

Town	POSTCODE	Design outdoor temperature
Cologne	50670	-7.7 °C
Oberwiesenthal	09484	-16.1 °C

Table 1: Example design outdoor temperatures

Tip: If you want to find out the standard outdoor temperature for your postcode, you can find the climate map from the German Heat Pump Association here.

For the indoor temperatures, either temperatures are used according to use (e.g. living rooms, bathrooms, corridors), as described in the DIN, or target indoor temperatures are agreed with those responsible for the building. Below you will find examples of indoor temperatures for different areas of use:

Type of building/room	Indoor temperature
Living room	20 °C
Bathroom	24 °C
Classroom	20 °C
Museum/gallery	16 °C

Table 2: Example indoor temperatures as reference values

DIN EN 12831-3:2017-09 (PART 3) is the current European standard for the calculation and dimensioning of domestic hot water (DHW) systems and formally replaces DIN EN 15316-3-1:2008-06. In Germany, it is used in parallel with the DIN 4708 series, which is still valid and is still used in particular for central domestic hot water (DHW) systems in residential buildings, but is to be replaced by the European standard in the long term.

Heat loss via building components – the U-value

A large proportion of heat loss occurs via the building envelope, i.e. via external walls, roof, windows, doors or the floor slab. You can imagine these so-called transmission heat losses as the heat loss from your body on a cold winter’s day: The “thinner” your jacket is, the faster heat is lost to the outside and the faster you get cold. Your body then has to provide more heat and a “thick” jacket would keep you warmer for longer.

The thermal transmittance (U-value) describes how easily heat passes through a building element. The U-value is therefore one of the most important parameters for assessing heat loss via the building envelope of a building.

The U-value indicates how much heat flows through per second, per square metre of component surface and Kelvin temperature difference between the inside and outside. The lower the U-value of a building component, the slower the heat flows from the warm interior to the outside. The unit is watts per square metre and Kelvin (W/(m²·K)).

As a reminder: The unit watt is a power specification and indicates the energy conversion per unit of time. 1 watt = 1 joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s) – see Watt – Wikipedia.

The following table shows examples of U-values for various components and their heat loss at a temperature difference of ΔT = 34 K (e.g. 20 °C inside, -14 °C outside):

Component	U-value	Heat loss [at ΔT = 34 K]
External wall of old building, uninsulated (1949-1957)	1.40 W/(m²·K)	approx. 48 W/m²
Well insulated external wall (GEG level)	0.28 W/(m²·K)	approx. 8 W/m²
Old wooden window, single glazed	4.70 W/(m²·K)	approx. 160 W/m²
Modern window with triple glazing	0.80 W/(m²·K)	approx. 27 W/m²
Uninsulated pitched roof / attic	1.00 W/(m²·K)	approx. 34 W/m²
Insulated top storey ceiling	0.20 W/(m²·K)	approx. 8 W/m²

Table 3: Example U-values of various building components at ΔT = 34 K (e.g. 20 °C inside, -14 °C outside)

The U-value of a building component (e.g. external wall) is always the result of the entire layer structure, i.e. internal plaster, masonry, insulation and external plaster. The thickness and thermal conductivity of the individual layers together determine how well or poorly a building component transmits heat.

Note: A well-insulated building is therefore much more energy-efficient than an uninsulated old building because it loses less heat over the same period of time.

The Building Energy Act (GEG) therefore specifies minimum U-values for new buildings and building renovations that must be complied with. In the heating load calculation, these U-values are directly included in the transmission heat losses and therefore influence the level of the design heat load (under standard design conditions).

The design heat load (under standard design conditions)

The design heat load $\Phi_{HL}$ (i.e. Phi HL) can be determined for the entire building or room by room and is made up of the following parts:

Standard transmission heat losses $\Phi_{T}$ (read: Phi T): are the heat losses via the building envelope (external walls, roof, windows, doors or floor slab)
Standard ventilation heat losses $\Phi_{V}$ (read: Phi V): are the heat losses due to a necessary air exchange (infiltration (leaks), window ventilation or ventilation systems).
additional heating capacity $\Phi_{HU}$ (pronounced: Phi HU) is the additional heating capacity required by a heating system to heat the building again after a break, such as a night-time setback or a longer holiday. The additional heating capacity is an optional variable.

Important note on heat gains: DIN EN 12831 also mentions heat gains. As this is a European standard (EN), heat gains from machines, solar radiation and people can be taken into account in the design heat load calculation in accordance with national regulations. In the national annex for Germany (DIN/TS 12831-1:2020-04), however, heat gains are explicitly not taken into account (4.22). _Φgain = 0 therefore applies here.

In practice, the heating load is calculated room by room or zone by zone and then added up to the total heating load of a building. This makes it possible to dimension the room-by-room output of the heating surfaces (e.g. radiators) and the required output of the heat generator sensibly.

Note: The heating load is specified in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW).

The following formula can be used to determine the room-by-room heating load $\Phi_{HL,i}$ (i.e.: Phi HL for a heated room i).

$\boxed{\Phi_{HL,i}=(\Phi_{T,i} + \Phi_{V,i}) + \Phi_{HU,i} \quad [W]}$

Note: In international and German standards and guidelines, room loads and volume flows are often specified with different formula symbols. The following often applies:

– International: volume flow rate (_qV), design heat load (Φ – Greek Phi)
– National: volume flow rate ( $\dot{V}$ ), design heat load ( $\dot{Q}$ )

As DIN EN 12831 is a European standard (EN), the standardised design heat load is described using the Greek letter Phi (Φ).

The standard transmission heat loss

The standard transmission heat loss $\Phi_{T,i}$ of a heated room (i) describes the heat losses via the building envelope and neighbouring areas in the unit watt (W). In DIN EN 12831-1, it is mapped using so-called transmission heat transfer coefficients $H_{T,ix}$ and the temperature difference between the standard indoor and standard outdoor temperature.

The following formula is used to calculate the total standard transmission heat losses of a heated room (i):

$\boxed{\Phi_{T,i} = (H_{T,ie} + H_{T,ia} + H_{T,iae} + H_{T,iaBE} + H_{T,ig}) \cdot (\theta_{int,i} - \theta_e)}$

The individual proportions $H_{T,ix}$ represent different heat loss paths:

$H_{T,ie}$ – Heat loss directly to the outside, e.g. via external walls, windows, external doors or roof surfaces.
$H_{T,iae}$ – Heat loss to the outside via unheated rooms or neighbouring units, e.g. heated room → unheated cellar/attic → outside air.
$H_{T,iaBE}$ – Heat loss to other building units, e.g. to a neighbouring, external flat with a significantly lower room temperature.
$H_{T,ia}$ – Heat loss to neighbouring heated rooms if the neighbouring room is at a different temperature level (e.g. 20 °C living room next to 15 °C stairwell).
$H_{T,ig}$ – Heat loss to the ground, e.g. via basement walls or floor slabs in contact with the ground.

Depending on the building, not all components are included in the calculation. In a fully heated, compact building without unheated zones, for example, $H_{T,iae}$ and $H_{T,iaBE}$ may be omitted. Mathematically, the following applies: The sum of all relevant transmission heat transfer coefficients $H_{T,ix}$ of a room is multiplied by the temperature difference $(\theta_{int,i} - \theta_{e})$ . This then results in the standard transmission heat loss $\Phi_{T,i}$ in watts.

The standard ventilation heat loss

In addition to the transmission heat losses via the building envelope, the design heat load calculation also takes into account the standardised ventilation heat losses. These describe the heat losses caused by the necessary air exchange, i.e. through infiltration (leaks), window ventilation or ventilation systems in the building.

The standard distinguishes between two methods:

a simplified procedure for relatively airtight residential buildings without a ventilation system and without external wall air inlets (trickle vents)
a general method for buildings with ventilation systems, heat recovery, external wall air inlets (trickle vents) or special air volume flows (e.g. combustion air).

Simplified method (buildings without ventilation systems)

For a relatively airtight residential building without fan-assisted ventilation, the standard ventilation heat losses of a heated room (i) are determined in a simplified approach using the minimum air volume flow of the room. This includes typical residential buildings without a mechanical ventilation system (i.e. no MVHR/KWL). The following formula is used here:

$\boxed{\Phi_{V,i} = \rho \cdot c_p \cdot q_{v,\min,i}\cdot\left(\theta_{int,i} - \theta_e\right)\quad [W]}$

with

$\rho$ – density of air at standard internal temperature, in kg/m³
$c_p$ – specific heat capacity of the air, in Wh/(kg * K)
$q_{v,min,i}$ – minimum air volume flow of the room (i), in m³/h
$\theta_{int,i}$ – standard indoor temperature of the room (i), in °C
$\theta_e$ – standard outdoor temperature/design outdoor temperature, in °C

The minimum air volume flow is calculated from the room volume and the standardised minimum air change rate $n_{min}$ with the room volume $V_i$ in m³.

$\boxed{q_{v,\min,i} = n_{\min} \cdot V_i \quad [\mathrm{m^3/h}]}$

Typical values for $n_{min}$ in living areas are in the range of 0.3 to 0.7 h-¹, depending on use. A value of 0.5 h-¹ is often used for living spaces. This means that arithmetically 50% of the room air volume is exchanged per hour, either through leaks (infiltration) or through deliberate ventilation by the occupants in order to fulfil minimum hygiene standards.

General procedure (buildings with ventilation systems)

For buildings with controlled domestic ventilation (KWL), exhaust air systems, heat recovery (HR) or wall air vents (background ventilators in external walls), the simplified method is no longer sufficient. The general model of DIN EN 12831-1 is used here, which results in the standardised ventilation heat losses for rooms, zones and the entire building. The following applies:

The building is divided into ventilation zones (z).
Supply and extract air volume flows (incl. overflow) are balanced zone by zone.
In the case of heat recovery, supply air and extract air temperatures are determined under standard conditions (without active preheating).

Note: The simplified method is usually sufficient for practical beginners and many residential buildings. For buildings with complex ventilation technology (e.g. KWL with heat recovery or non-residential buildings), however, the general method in accordance with DIN EN 12831-1 should always be used.

Additional heating-up power (heating-up allowance)

In rooms with interrupted heating operation (e.g. night setback, weekend setback), an additional heating capacity may be required under certain circumstances. This is particularly the case if a room is to reach the set indoor temperature again within a specified (usually short) time after a temperature reduction.

Important: The heating capacity is an optional variable that must be agreed between the person responsible for the building, the planners and the specialised companies.

Whether an additional heating-up power makes sense depends on several factors, as the following examples will show.

Thermal insulation standard and thermal mass of the building
Example: An old, lightweight building with little thermal mass and poor insulation cools down considerably at night. An additional heating-up allowance may be useful here. However, a well-insulated new building retains heat for much longer, so that a heating-up supplement is not usually necessary.
Air exchange during the cooling and heating phase
Example: If you regularly sleep with the window tilted at night or if the building envelope is very leaky (high infiltration), the room temperature drops significantly more, so that there is an increased need for heating. With closed windows and a tight building envelope, on the other hand, the ventilation heat loss is much lower.
Amount of the temperature drop (e.g. night-time reduction by 3-5 K)
Example: A night-time reduction of only 1-2 K (from 20 °C to 18 °C) can usually be compensated for without a special additional heating-up power. However, if the temperature is regularly lowered by 4-5 K (from 20 °C to 16 °C), additional power may be required for short heating-up times. However, this must be checked on a case-by-case basis.
Permissible heating-up time (e.g. 1-3 h)
Example: An office that needs to be heated from 17 °C to 21 °C within an hour in the morning requires a higher heating capacity than a living room that can be heated up again at a leisurely pace over three hours.
Properties and strategy of temperature control
Example: A well-adjusted weather-compensated control system with night setback and selected support temperature (e.g. 16 °C: indoor temperature does not fall below 16 °C) prevents severe cooling. The additional heating-up power can then be low or unnecessary. In the case of simple time programmes with strong reduction without support temperature, a supplement may be necessary again.

In well-insulated buildings with moderate setback phases and adapted control (e.g. lower setback on very cold days), an additional heating-up power is often not required. However, it may be necessary in very unfavourable buildings (combination of poor insulation, high setback, short heating-up time and poor control). However, this must be checked on a case-by-case basis.

Where is the heating-up allowance applied?

If a heat-up allowance is nevertheless required and is to be applied, it is important to clarify where in the system this allowance can be taken into account. The standard differentiates between “heat transfer and distribution components” (radiators, panel heating systems, pipework, fittings, valves) and “heat generators” (boilers, heat pumps, etc.). Additional heating-up power (heating-up allowance) should initially only be taken into account when designing the heating surfaces, distribution and control.

A generalised oversizing of the heat generator, on the other hand, should be viewed critically because it leads to higher standby losses, more cyclical operation and a tendency towards poorer efficiency.

Note: Whether a heat-up surcharge is taken into account for heat transfer and distribution components or heat generators must always be checked on a case-by-case basis and clearly documented.

Simplified approximation method for the heat-up surcharge

The national annex to DIN EN 12831-1 (DIN/TS 12831-1) provides a simplified method for determining a specific heat-up allowance in W/m² in tabular form. Four main factors are taken into account: the temperature drop during the lowering phase, the air exchange rate during the cooling period, the heat storage capacity of the building (light vs. heavy) and the desired heating-up time. An allowance is selected from these parameters, which is multiplied by the heated floor area of the room to give the additional heating capacity.

In practice, this method is mainly used when buildings with modern thermal insulation, standard room heights and moderate setbacks (temperature drop of up to around 5 K) require targeted rapid heating after a night-time or weekend setback. However, the specific selection of the input variables and the surcharge should be left to the planning specialists.

Note: For many residential buildings, the design heat load is sufficient without an additional heating allowance.

Heat load calculation in practice

The explanations and formulae in this article are primarily intended to help you understand the principle of heat load calculation in accordance with DIN EN 12831-1 and DIN/TS 12831-1. In practice, however, the standardised heating load is almost always calculated using software, either by planning offices or specialist companies.

This applies to both new buildings and existing buildings. As the necessary data on wall structures, windows and doors is often missing for existing buildings, the simplified method for existing buildings in accordance with DIN EN 12831-1 (Section 7/8) can be used here. However, the simplified calculation method is also usually calculated using software, as a clean room-by-room recording of enveloping surfaces, U-values, air changes and, if necessary, additional heating-up power (heating-up allowance) by hand quickly becomes confusing.

Important: Rough approximations of the heating load by year of construction using building age classes or generalised W/m² values can be helpful for an initial classification, but are no substitute for a standard-compliant heating load calculation, especially if a heat pump is planned, hydronic balancing is to be carried out or a subsidy is to be applied for.

For a better understanding, you will nevertheless find a rough estimate according to building age classes with a sample calculation in my article on hydronic balancing (step 2: heat load calculation). For the actual design of a new heating system, however, I always recommend that you have a heating load calculated in accordance with DIN EN 12831 by a specialist company or planning office.

Heating load and heat pump – a brief classification

Heat pumps are the heat generators of the future and should always be dimensioned according to a calculated heating load. A generalised assumption, as is often the case with boilers, would make a heat pump inefficient and over- or undersized. Although modern heat pumps are modulating and can therefore operate in an output range between 30 and 100 % (some up to 20 %), they quickly reach their lower modulation limit if they are incorrectly dimensioned, especially in the transition period. If the heating load is set too high and a heat pump is oversized, this has the following effects:

If the heat pump is designed too large, the lower output range (lower modulation limit) is reached too quickly during the transition period (partial load) and the heat pump cycles frequently (it switches on and off unnecessarily).
This puts more strain on the compressor and can reduce its service life.
In addition, higher flow temperatures tend to be used in order to shift the lower modulation limit and thus increase the minimum output, which reduces the efficiency of the heat pump (poorer coefficient of performance).
A larger selected heat pump is also more expensive, without any real added value for the building.

If, on the other hand, the heating load is set too low, it can happen on very cold days that individual rooms no longer reach the desired temperature. In practice, the heat pump is therefore increasingly being dimensioned very tightly (in relation to the calculated heating load) so that it covers the majority of the design heat load (around 95 %) and only a few very cold hours a year are supplied via an integrated heating element (monoenergetic operation).

The heat pump then runs for large parts of the heating period in the efficient partial load range with long running times and without excessive cycling. The heating element only kicks in to support the heat pump in rare peak load situations. From an energy point of view, this is usually not critical because it only affects a few hours per year.

The heating load is therefore the central basis for sizing a suitable heat pump size and good efficiency. In addition, many funding programmes require a documented heat load calculation.

Note : The following applies to heat pumps in particular: A targeted and efficient design is hardly possible without a proper heat load calculation.

FAQ on heating load

Below I have summarised the most important questions and answers about the heating load and the heating load calculation for you. If you have any further questions about heating load, please feel free to ask them in the comments.

Note (DIN/TS 12831-1, section 7 – consumption-based method):
DIN/TS 12831-1, section 7 describes a consumption-based method for estimating a rough building design heat load from energy consumption data. This can be done in two ways
– determining a heat loss coefficient from individual data points of heat generator output and outdoor temperature, or
– converting the annual energy amount (annual consumption data) based on equivalent full-load hours.
This method should only be used as a plausibility check. It does not replace a room-by-room design heat load calculation to DIN EN 12831-1 and is not permitted for BEG/BAFA/KfW funding applications.

Can I size the heat pump using energy demand?

The terms design heat load, energy demand and energy consumption are often mixed up. People sometimes try to size a heating system using energy demand—this is incorrect and does not work. That’s why I want to briefly put these three terms into context:

Design heat load:
The design heat load is a power value (kW). It describes the building’s heat loss under standard design conditions (design outdoor temperature, target indoor temperatures). From this loss rate, the required maximum heating capacity of the heat generator is derived—if necessary including allowances for domestic hot water (DHW) preparation and utility lock-out periods for heat pumps (see my article on heat pump capacity calculations). The design heat load is calculated to DIN EN 12831 and forms the basis for sizing heat generators (e.g., heat pumps, boilers) and heat emitters (e.g., radiators).

Energy demand:
Energy demand is a calculated annual energy quantity. Under the German Building Energy Act (GEG), it is determined using standardised balance methods (e.g., DIN V 18599) based on the building envelope, technical systems, standard climate data and standardised usage profiles. It is mainly used as a comparative indicator (e.g., in the energy certificate) and is usually stated as a specific demand in kWh/(m²·a) or as a total demand in kWh/a.
Energy consumption:

Energy consumption is the measured energy used during the billing period (gas, oil or electricity for space heating and DHW). It is derived directly from meter readings or bills. Consumption depends not only on building quality and system technology, but strongly on user behaviour (set temperatures, ventilation habits, operating times) and the actual weather conditions of the year. It is stated in kWh/a or kWh/(m²·a), but it is a measured value, not a normative calculation.

Can I calculate the design heat load myself?

A design heat load calculation to DIN EN 12831 is hardly feasible without dedicated software and a solid understanding of the standard. For existing buildings there is a simplified method, but it is typically still carried out using software. Rough estimates based on building age classes can provide initial guidance, but they do not replace a standard-compliant design heat load calculation. If a heat pump, hydronic balancing or a funding application is involved, you should always commission a qualified professional.

Doesn’t the design heat load calculation lead to oversized heating systems?

DIN EN 12831 deliberately represents a conservative worst case: design outdoor temperature, no solar or internal gains, and (if applicable) plus a heating-up allowance. This ensures the building stays warm even when it is very cold and overcast and there are hardly any internal heat sources.

As described in the Haustec article “Design heat load to DIN EN 12831 – the gap between regulations and reality” (german version), this conservative approach can result in calculated design heat loads that are higher than the actually required peak heating capacity in very well-insulated buildings, because real solar and internal gains offset part of the heat losses.

This does not mean the calculation is “wrong”—it provides an upper boundary. Real oversizing usually happens when additional blanket safety margins are added on top, or when input values (U-values, air change rates, indoor temperatures) are chosen higher than appropriate. The key is to review the result critically and avoid unnecessary allowances rather than questioning the standard itself.

How many kW of heating do I need for 150 m²?

This cannot be answered reliably with a single rule of thumb. An unrefurbished 150 m² older building can require 15 kW or more, while a very well-insulated new build with surface heating might only need 4–6 kW. Rule-of-thumb values can help for a first estimate, but for sizing a heat pump, replacing a boiler, hydronic balancing or funding applications, a design heat load calculation to DIN EN 12831 is always necessary (including the simplified method for existing buildings where applicable).

Who is allowed to produce a design heat load calculation – and where can I get one?

In practice, design heat load calculations are typically carried out by engineering/planning offices, energy consultants, experts, or experienced HVAC contractors who work with the current DIN EN 12831 version and suitable software. It is important that the results are documented transparently (boundary conditions, component data, assumptions). If you are planning a heat pump with funding, ask explicitly for a standard-compliant room-by-room design heat load calculation and request the documentation.

Conclusion

The heating load is not a theoretical figure from a standard, but the central basis for a well-functioning heating system. The calculated heat load determines how large heat generators and heating surfaces are dimensioned, which flow temperatures are required and how efficiently heating systems, especially with heat pumps, will work later on. Generalised W/m² values or the output of old boilers can provide a rough guide, but are no substitute for a standardised heat load calculation in accordance with DIN EN 12831, especially because old boilers are often oversized.

It should therefore always be important for planners not to blindly accept the results of the heating load calculation, but to relate them to the respective building and the planned technology. The worst-case approach of the standard, heat-up allowances and safety allowances must be consciously checked and documented. A clean, comprehensible heating load calculation practically always pays off, especially for heat pumps, funding applications and hydronic balancing. This gives you more comfort, fewer cycle problems, lower investment costs and ultimately lower energy costs.

I hope this article has given you an insight into the heating load and its calculation. If you have any further suggestions, questions or criticism about the heating load, please feel free to use the comments function.

Best regards! Martin

Further links and sources:

Standard texts (subject to a charge):
DIN EN 12831-1:2017-09, DIN/TS 12831-1:2020-04, DIN EN 12831-3:2017-09 – available via dinmedia.de.

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About Me

Hi, my name is Martin and I’m a passionate engineer in the field of buildings technology. Here you can read who I am and why I write this blog.

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